%PDF-1.5 % 1 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.1) >> endobj 4 0 obj (Introduction) endobj 5 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.1) >> endobj 8 0 obj (Overview) endobj 9 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.2) >> endobj 12 0 obj (Notation) endobj 13 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.3) >> endobj 16 0 obj (Turbulent flows) endobj 17 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.4) >> endobj 20 0 obj (Navier-Stokes equations) endobj 21 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.5) >> endobj 24 0 obj (Problems simulating turbulent flows) endobj 25 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.2) >> endobj 28 0 obj (Fundamentals) endobj 29 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.1) >> endobj 32 0 obj (Introduction to large-eddy simulations) endobj 33 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.2) >> endobj 36 0 obj (The Smagorinsky model) endobj 37 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.3) >> endobj 40 0 obj (Derivation of the Smagorinsky model) endobj 41 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.4) >> endobj 44 0 obj (The dynamic Smagorinsky model) endobj 45 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.5) >> endobj 48 0 obj (Mathematical formulation of the Smagorinsky model) endobj 49 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.2.5.1) >> endobj 52 0 obj (Strong and weak formulation of the problem) endobj 53 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.6) >> endobj 56 0 obj (Existence and uniqueness of solutions) endobj 57 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.7) >> endobj 60 0 obj (Numerical analysis of the Smagorinsky model) endobj 61 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.3) >> endobj 64 0 obj (Numerical Studies) endobj 65 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.3.1) >> endobj 68 0 obj (The benchmark problem: surface mounted cube) endobj 69 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.1.1) >> endobj 72 0 obj (Implementation of the Smagorinsky model) endobj 73 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.3.2) >> endobj 76 0 obj (Lift and drag) endobj 77 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.2.1) >> endobj 80 0 obj (Lift and drag forces) endobj 81 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.2.2) >> endobj 84 0 obj (Simplifying the equations for a wall-mounted cube) endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.2.3) >> endobj 88 0 obj (Lift and drag coefficients) endobj 89 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.2.4) >> endobj 92 0 obj (Alternative calculation for lift and drag) endobj 93 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.3.3) >> endobj 96 0 obj (Results of numerical simulations) endobj 97 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.3.1) >> endobj 100 0 obj (Mean drag coefficient) endobj 101 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsubsection.3.3.2) >> endobj 104 0 obj (Comparison with other studies) endobj 105 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.4) >> endobj 108 0 obj (Conclusion) endobj 109 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.5) >> endobj 112 0 obj (Appendix) endobj 113 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.5.A) >> endobj 116 0 obj (Derivation of the filtered momentum equation) endobj 117 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.5.B) >> endobj 120 0 obj (Vector spaces) endobj 121 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.5.C) >> endobj 124 0 obj (Inlet velocity profile) endobj 125 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.24) >> endobj 128 0 obj (Nomenclature) endobj 129 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.26) >> endobj 132 0 obj (References) endobj 133 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [134 0 R /FitH] >> endobj 140 0 obj << /Length 1443 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xr6` I0uIfim$$6R<}lezh(.žwu?ud">ʬQI棪( ̇B)Z]w/ƤѪЅ\FiQ(Fe9*xO͓$ o{kzܴqy7!4wElcV)d&n lSw雑;>yo誯Qb2Y͵r>Nl%p綰*;o syL:7>[x+y9 Fh*dʕ({$dQ2-6$ _:dlMzQ˛